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Vicarious trauma, conceptually based in constructivism, [12] [13] [14] arises from interaction between individuals and their situations. A helper's personal history (including prior traumatic experiences), coping strategies, support network, and other things interact with his or her situation (including work setting, nature of the work, and clientele served) and may trigger vicarious trauma.
Research on vicarious trauma has focused on how mental health providers, medical workers, and first responders respond to the trauma they hear about in their everyday work experiences. [6] [7] While the person does not directly experience the trauma, they have symptoms like an individual diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. [6]
Historical trauma or collective trauma refers to the cumulative emotional harm of an individual or generation caused by a traumatic experience or event. According to its advocates, collective trauma evokes a variety of responses, most prominently through substance abuse , which is used as a vehicle for attempting to numb pain.
Social learning theory is a theory of social behavior that proposes that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others. It states that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. [1]
Secondary trauma is often used interchangeably with several terms that have similar meanings including compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, [13] second victim syndrome, and job burnout. [6] Although there is an overlap in terminology, there are nuanced differences.
What Leflore-Ejike tries to emphasize through her work at the foundation is the many evolutions Malcolm X underwent as he sought the liberation of African Americans.
Some troops leave the battlefield injured. Others return from war with mental wounds. Yet many of the 2 million Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffer from a condition the Defense Department refuses to acknowledge: Moral injury.
These people may develop symptoms of depression, stress, and trauma. Those who are primary care providers for patients with terminal illnesses are at a higher risk of developing these symptoms. In the medical profession, this is often described as "burnout": the more specific terms secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma are also used.