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2. Standard deviation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation

   A little algebra shows that the distance between P and M (which is the same as the orthogonal distance between P and the line L) (¯) is equal to the standard deviation of the vector (x 1, x 2, x 3), multiplied by the square root of the number of dimensions of the vector (3 in this case).

3. Expected value - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value

   Suppose the random variable X takes values 1, −2,3, −4, ... with respective probabilities 6π −2, 6(2π) −2, 6(3π) −2, 6(4π) −2, .... Then it follows that X + takes value 2k−1 with probability 6((2k−1)π) −2 for each positive integer k, and takes value 0 with remaining probability. Similarly, X − takes value 2k with ...

4. Repeating decimal - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating_decimal

   For example, in duodecimal, ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ = 0.6, ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠ = 0.4, ⁠ 1 / 4 ⁠ = 0.3 and ⁠ 1 / 6 ⁠ = 0.2 all terminate; ⁠ 1 / 5 ⁠ = 0. 2497 repeats with period length 4, in contrast with the equivalent decimal expansion of 0.2; ⁠ 1 / 7 ⁠ = 0. 186A35 has period 6 in duodecimal, just as it does in decimal.

5. Magnetic-core memory - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory

   Core sizes shrank over the same period from around 0.1 inches (2.5 mm) diameter in the 1950s to 0.013 inches (0.33 mm) in 1966. [27] The power required to flip the magnetization of one core is proportional to the volume, so this represents a drop in power consumption by a factor of 125.

6. Natural logarithm of 2 - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm_of_2

   In a third layer, the logarithms of rational numbers r = ⁠ a / b ⁠ are computed with ln(r) = ln(a) − ln(b), and logarithms of roots via ln n √ c = ⁠ 1 / n ⁠ ln(c).. The logarithm of 2 is useful in the sense that the powers of 2 are rather densely distributed; finding powers 2 i close to powers b j of other numbers b is comparatively easy, and series representations of ln(b) are ...

7. Molar concentration - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_concentration

   Molar concentration or molarity is most commonly expressed in units of moles of solute per litre of solution. [2] For use in broader applications, it is defined as amount of substance of solute per unit volume of solution, or per unit volume available to the species, represented by lowercase : [3]