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Plant families with epigynous flowers include orchids, asters, and evening primroses. Between these two extremes are perigynous flowers, in which a hypanthium is present, but is either free from the gynoecium (in which case it may appear to be a cup or tube surrounding the gynoecium) or connected partly to the gynoecium (with the stamens ...
The pistil may be made up of one carpel or of several fused carpels (e.g. dicarpel or tricarpel), and therefore the ovary can contain part of one carpel or parts of several fused carpels. Above the ovary is the style and the stigma, which is where the pollen lands and germinates to grow down through the style to the ovary, and, for each ...
In most plant species, an individual has both male and female sex organs (a hermaphrodite). [24] The life cycle of land plants involves alternation of generations between a sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte. [25] The gametophyte produces sperm or egg cells by mitosis. The sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, which in turn develop into ...
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds. [1] Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, for example beetles or butterflies; birds, and bats; water; wind; and even plants themselves.
The stigma, together with the style and ovary (typically called the stigma-style-ovary system) comprises the pistil, which is part of the gynoecium or female reproductive organ of a plant. The stigma itself forms the distal portion of the style, or stylodia, and is composed of stigmatic papillae , the cells of which are receptive to pollen.
Zoophily, or animal pollination, is a method of pollination which utilizes animals as pollen vectors. In order for pollen to affix to animal bodies, a tryphine coating is usually present in zoophilous pollen to achieve an adhesive pollen grain. [1] Visual attractants of monocot flowers mainly come from the coloration of tepals.
Some plant species also exhibit dimorphism in which the females are significantly larger than the males, such as in the moss genus Dicranum [88] and the liverwort genus Sphaerocarpos. [89] There is some evidence that, in these genera, the dimorphism may be tied to a sex chromosome, [ 89 ] [ 90 ] or to chemical signaling from females.
Plant reproductive morphology is the study of the physical form and structure (the morphology) of those parts of plants directly or indirectly concerned with sexual reproduction. Among all living organisms, flowers , which are the reproductive structures of angiosperms , are the most varied physically and show a correspondingly great diversity ...