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Operant conditioning originated with Edward Thorndike, whose law of effect theorised that behaviors arise as a result of consequences as satisfying or discomforting. In the 20th century, operant conditioning was studied by behavioral psychologists, who believed that much of mind and behaviour is explained through environmental conditioning.
Operant conditioning is a way in which behavior can be shaped or modified according to the desires of the trainer or head individual. Operant conditioning uses the thought that living things seek pleasure and avoid pain, and that an animal or human can learn through receiving either reward or punishment at a specific time called trace conditioning.
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning. A learned behavior is one that does not come from instincts – it is created by practice or experiences. [2] Learned behavior can be controlled by two systems – reflective or reflexive, which in turn create cognitive learning and habitual learning. [2]
The psychology of learning refers to theories and research on how individuals learn. There are many theories of learning. Some take on a more behaviorist approach which focuses on inputs and reinforcements. [1] [2] [3] Other approaches, such as neuroscience and social cognition, focus more on how the brain's organization and structure influence ...
In psychology, meaning-making is the process of how people construe, understand, or make sense of life events, relationships, and the self. [ 1 ] The term is widely used in constructivist approaches to counseling psychology and psychotherapy , [ 2 ] especially during bereavement in which people attribute some sort of meaning to an experienced ...
Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS, also known as a "cue") that has been associated with rewarding or aversive stimuli via classical conditioning alters motivational salience and operant behavior.
Associationism is the idea that mental processes operate by the association of one mental state with its successor states. [1] It holds that all mental processes are made up of discrete psychological elements and their combinations, which are believed to be made up of sensations or simple feelings. [2]
Clicker-training a dog. Clicker training is a positive reinforcement [1] animal training method based on a bridging stimulus (the clicker) in operant conditioning.The system uses conditioned reinforcers, which a trainer can deliver more quickly and more precisely than primary reinforcers such as food.