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In mathematics, tetration (or hyper-4) is an operation based on iterated, or repeated, exponentiation. There is no standard notation for tetration, though Knuth's up arrow notation ↑ ↑ {\displaystyle \uparrow \uparrow } and the left-exponent x b {\displaystyle {}^{x}b} are common.
One of several methods of finding a series formula for fractional iteration, making use of a fixed point, is as follows. [15] First determine a fixed point for the function such that f(a) = a. Define f n (a) = a for all n belonging to the reals. This, in some ways, is the most natural extra condition to place upon the fractional iterates.
If a non-repeating set of digits precede the pattern (such as 0.1523 987), one may write the number as the sum of the non-repeating and repeating parts, respectively: 0.1523 + 0.0000 987 Then, convert both parts to fractions, and add them using the methods described above:
One may derive a non-recursive formula for the number of derangements of an n-set, as well. For 1 ≤ k ≤ n {\displaystyle 1\leq k\leq n} we define S k {\displaystyle S_{k}} to be the set of permutations of n objects that fix the k th object.
(also written as 0. 9, 0.., or 0.(9)) is a repeating decimal that is an alternative way of writing the number 1. Following the standard rules for representing numbers in decimal notation, its value is the smallest number greater than or equal to every number in the sequence 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, ... .
Graph of the fractional part of real numbers. The fractional part or decimal part [1] of a non‐negative real number is the excess beyond that number's integer part.The latter is defined as the largest integer not greater than x, called floor of x or ⌊ ⌋.
In mathematics, "rational" is often used as a noun abbreviating "rational number". The adjective rational sometimes means that the coefficients are rational numbers. For example, a rational point is a point with rational coordinates (i.e., a point whose coordinates are rational numbers); a rational matrix is a matrix of rational numbers; a rational polynomial may be a polynomial with rational ...
Conversely, a decimal expansion that terminates or repeats must be a rational number. These are provable properties of rational numbers and positional number systems and are not used as definitions in mathematics. Irrational numbers can also be expressed as non-terminating continued fractions (which in some cases are periodic), and in many ...