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The only F-clef still in use is the bass clef, with the clef placed on the fourth line. Since it is the only F-clef commonly encountered, the terms "F-clef" and "bass clef" are often regarded as synonymous. Bass clef is used for the cello, double bass and bass guitar, bassoon and contrabassoon, bass recorder, trombone, tuba, and timpani.
The alto clef is defined by the placement of C 4 on the middle line of the staff. [15] As the viola is tuned exactly one octave above the cello, music that is notated for the cello can be easily transcribed for alto clef without any changes in key. For example, there are numerous editions of Bach's Cello Suites transcribed for viola. [16]
Transposes at the octave. Some whistle players treat whistles pitched higher or lower than the "standard" D tin whistle as (additionally) transposing instruments. Trombone Tenor Trombone: C4 When noted in treble clef Alto trombone: C4 Reads Alto Clef Soprano trombone: C4 May be B ♭ 3 like a B ♭ trumpet Bass Trombone C4
Tenor horn, known as an Alto Horn in the US; Tuba in E-flat (written at concert pitch when using the bass clef, only transposing when written in treble clef) Circular altohorn (Koenig horn) pitched in E ♭ Tenor cornet; Mellophone; Alto trombone; Vocal horn (cornet with an upward-facing bell) Duplex horn (Gemelli) pitched in E ♭
When placed there, the clef is called alto clef, mainly used for the viola but sometimes used for other instruments. The second illustration shows the clef centered on the fourth line—called tenor clef. Tenor clef is used for bassoon, cello, trombone, and double bass when the notes get very high, avoiding the use of excessive ledger lines.
The musical term alto, meaning "high" in Italian (Latin: altus), historically refers to the contrapuntal part higher than the tenor and its associated vocal range.In four-part voice leading alto is the second-highest part, sung in choruses by either low women's or high men's voices.
These members of the viol family are distinguished from later bowed string instruments, such as the violin family, by both appearance and orientation when played—as typically the neck is oriented upwards and the rounded bottom downwards to settle on the lap or between the knees. [1] The viola da gamba uses the alto clef.
The orchestra is divided into four groups (five if a keyboard instrument is used) and specified as follows: [1] Woodwind instruments: flutes, oboes, clarinets, saxophones (if one or more are needed), bassoons; Brass instruments: horns, trumpets, trombones, tubas; Percussion: timpani, snare drum, bass drum, chimes, etc.