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An hourglass (or sandglass, sand timer, or sand clock) is a device used to measure the passage of time. It comprises two glass bulbs connected vertically by a narrow neck that allows a regulated flow of a substance (historically sand) from the upper bulb to the lower one due to gravity. Typically, the upper and lower bulbs are symmetric as they ...
[2] [3] Filled with the amount of sand suitable for measuring a lapse of half an hour, each time the sand emptied was also called a "glass"; eight glasses (four hours) defined a "watch". [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The times determined by the sandglass, along with the record in the logbook of the speed measured with the " chip log ", permitted the ship's ...
Times of day ending in :00 minutes may be pronounced as the numbered hour followed by o'clock (e.g., 10:00 as ten o'clock, 2:00 as two o'clock, 4:00 as four o'clock, etc.). This may be followed by the a.m. or p.m. designator, or might not be, if obvious. O'clock itself may be omitted, leaving a time such as four a.m. or four p.m.
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The first clock known to strike regularly on the hour, a clock with a verge and foliot mechanism, is recorded in Milan in 1336. [96] By 1341, clocks driven by weights were familiar enough to be able to be adapted for grain mills , [ 97 ] and by 1344 the clock in London's Old St Paul's Cathedral had been replaced by one with an escapement. [ 98 ]
The water clocks, called pengan (and later fenjan) used were one of the most practical ancient tools for timing the yearly calendar. [26] [27] The water clock was the most accurate and commonly used timekeeping device for calculating the amount or the time that a farmer must take water from a qanat or well for irrigation until more accurate ...
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The government describes the 24-hour system as "desirable" but does not enforce its use, meaning that the 12-hour clock remains common for oral and informal usage in English-speaking contexts. [29] It is not the recommended style in journalism, for example. [30] This situation is similar to the use of the 24-hour clock in the United Kingdom.
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