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Batak Karo often alternate between subject-initial and predicate-initial word orders for transitive clauses, although the preference is for Actor Voice clauses to be subject-initial. Predicate-Undergoer-Actor is a common word order when the undergoer is replaced by an interrogative pronoun.
Toba Batak (/ ˈ t oʊ b ə ˈ b æ t ə k / [2]) is an Austronesian language spoken in North Sumatra province in Indonesia. It is part of a group of languages called Batak . There are approximately 1,610,000 Toba Batak speakers, living to the east, west and south of Lake Toba .
Proto-Batak *k became h in initial and medial position in the Southern Batak languages: Proto-Batak *kalak > Toba, Simalungun halak; Karo kalak 'person' Proto-Batak *dukut > Toba, Simalungun duhut; Karo dukut 'grass' Proto-Batak *h was lost in Toba, Angkola and Mandailing: Proto-Batak *pərəh > Toba poro, Simalungun poroh, Karo pereh /pərəh ...
Pakpak, or Batak Dairi, is an Austronesian language of Sumatra. It is spoken in Dairi Regency , Pakpak Bharat Regency , Parlilitan district in Humbang Hasundutan Regency , Manduamas district in Central Tapanuli Regency , Subulussalam City , and Aceh Singkil Regency .
The Batak lands consist of North Sumatra province, excluding Nias island, the historically Malay kingdoms of the east coast and the western coast of Minangkabau people. [36] In addition, part of the Karo lands extend into modern-day East Aceh Regency in Aceh province, while parts of the Mandailing lands lie in Rokan Hulu Regency in Riau .
Malayic Dayak (Dayak Kemelayuan) is a dialect chain of Malayic spoken in West Kalimantan (North Kayong, Ketapang, Kapuas Hulu, Melawi) and the western part of Central Kalimantan (Lamandau, Sukamara, West Kotawaringin, Seruyan, East Kotawaringin).
Thus, "Malay" is considered a regional language (bahasa daerah) in Indonesia, enjoying the same status as Javanese, Sundanese, Buginese, Balinese, Batak languages and others. [19] Moreover, to some Indonesians, the term "Malay" is more often associated with Malaysia and the Malaysian variety of Malay. [20]
In addition to Indonesian, Bible translations (complete or partial) also available in more than 70 languages of Indonesia, some could be accessed online. In 2020, Jehovah's Witnesses published 4 complete bible translation into Batak Toba, Batak Karo, Javanese, and Nias language, also 1 NT translation into Sundanese. [6]