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Hindustani (sometimes called Hindi–Urdu) is a colloquial language and lingua franca of Pakistan and the Hindi Belt of India. It forms a dialect continuum between its two formal registers: the highly Persianized Urdu, and the de-Persianized, Sanskritized Hindi. [2] Urdu uses a modification of the Persian alphabet, whereas Hindi uses Devanagari ...
The Urdu alphabet (Urdu: اُردُو حُرُوفِ تَہَجِّی, romanized: urdū ḥurūf-i tahajjī) is the right-to-left alphabet used for writing Urdu. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet , which itself is derived from the Arabic script .
The nominative is the unmarked form of a noun, but the vocative and accusative cases use the suffixes ا "â" and "را "râ" (and رو "ro" or ـو "o" in Tehrani accent, sometimes -a in Dari accent respectively. The other oblique cases are marked by prepositions.
[1] [3] [4] [2] In Hindi-Urdu, a short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an ʿain ( ع ), it may be written as zer ( ــِـ ) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all.
Such suffixes are of Latin origin, except -etto and -otto, which are of unclear origin. [16] There also exist: some additional hypocoristic suffixes that are used to create new adjectives from other adjectives (or, sometimes, from nouns): -iccio/a, -icciolo/a, -igno/a, -ognolo/a, -occio/a (of Latin origin, except the last one, whose origin is ...
Changes to the vowels in between the consonants, along with prefixes or suffixes, specify grammatical functions such as tense, person and number, in addition to changes in the meaning of the verb that embody grammatical concepts such as mood (e.g. indicative, subjunctive, imperative), voice (active or passive), and functions such as causative ...
Personal forms of verbs are formed mostly with simple suffixes. The personal suffixes for the present and future constructions and the two subjunctive constructions are: ـم (-am): first person singular ("I") ( hastam) ـی (-i): second person singular ("you sg." (informal)) ـد (-ad): third person singular; colloquially pronounced -e ("he ...
Pashto employs stress: [1] this can change the aspect of the verb and the meaning of the word. The Arabic alphabet does not show stress placement, but in transliteration it is indicated by the use of acute accent diactric: ´ over the vowel.