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2. Citrulline - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrulline

   The organic compound citrulline is an α-amino acid. [2] Its name is derived from citrullus, the Latin word for watermelon.Although named and described by gastroenterologists since the late 19th century, it was first isolated from watermelon in 1914 by Japanese researchers Yatarō Koga (古賀彌太郎) and Ryō Ōtake (大嶽了) [3] [4] and further codified by Mitsunori Wada of Tokyo ...

3. Citrin deficiency - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrin_Deficiency

   Citrin is an aspartate-glutamate carrier protein localized at the inner mitochondrial membrane and is mainly expressed in the liver. It is an important component of the malate-aspartate shuttle that facilitates the transfer of NADH from the cytosol to the mitochondria to maintain redox balance and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.

4. Pre-workout - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-workout

   Some ingredients such as caffeine, creatine and β-alanine are found in nearly all pre-workout blends, but each branded product is a "proprietary blend" with an average of 18 different ingredients, the exact composition and proportions of which can vary widely between different products. [11] [12]

5. There's Only One Case When You'd Actually Need a Beta-Alanine ...

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6. Malic acid - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malic_acid

   Malate plays an important role in biochemistry. In the C4 carbon fixation process, malate is a source of CO 2 in the Calvin cycle. In the citric acid cycle, (S)-malate is an intermediate, formed by the addition of an -OH group on the si face of fumarate. It can also be formed from pyruvate via anaplerotic reactions.

7. Citrate–malate shuttle - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate–malate_shuttle

   Citrate ion Malate ion. The citrate-malate shuttle is a series of chemical reactions, commonly referred to as a biochemical cycle or system, that transports acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix across the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes for fatty acid synthesis. [1] Mitochondria are enclosed in a double membrane.