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  2. List of replaced loanwords in Turkish - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_replaced_loanwords...

    The replacing of loanwords in Turkish is part of a policy of Turkification of Atatürk.The Ottoman Turkish language had many loanwords from Arabic and Persian, but also European languages such as French, Greek, and Italian origin—which were officially replaced with their Turkish counterparts suggested by the Turkish Language Association (Turkish: Türk Dil Kurumu, TDK) during the Turkish ...

  3. File:Kamus kecil.pdf - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kamus_kecil.pdf

    English: An Arabic, Malay, and Sundanese dictionary. قاموس عربية ملايو سوندا. Kamus kecil قاموس كچيل. Published in 1890. The author was Sayyid Uthmān ibn ʻAbdallāh ibn ʻAqīl ibn Yaḥyā Al-ʻAlawī, سيد عثمان بن عبد الله بن عقيل بن يحيى العلوي d.1914 who self published his works on his own lithographic press in Batavia.

  4. List of Turkic languages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_languages

    Chagatai or Turki (Jağatāy) (literary language of medieval Golden Horde in much of Central Asia) (extinct) Pre-classical Chagatai (1400–1465) Classical Chagatai (1465–1600) Post-classical Chagatai (1600–1921) Khorezmian Turkic (it was a literary language of the medieval Golden Horde of Central Asia and parts of Eastern Europe) (extinct ...

  5. Germanic languages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages

    The reduction of the various tense and aspect combinations of the Indo-European verbal system into only two: the present tense and the past tense (also called the preterite). The development of a new class of weak verbs that use a dental suffix ( /d/ , /t/ or /ð/ ) instead of vowel alternation ( Indo-European ablaut ) to indicate past tense.

  6. Languages of Turkey - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey

    The languages of Turkey, apart from the official language Turkish, including the widespread Kurdish, and a number of less common minority languages.Four minority languages are officially recognized in the Republic of Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the Turkey-Bulgaria Friendship Treaty (Türkiye ve Bulgaristan Arasındaki Dostluk Antlaşması) of 18 October 1925: Armenian, [3] [4] [5 ...

  7. Turkic languages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages

    Map showing countries and autonomous subdivisions where a language belonging to the Turkic language family has official status. Turkic languages are null-subject languages, have vowel harmony (with the notable exception of Uzbek due to strong Persian-Tajik influence), converbs, extensive agglutination by means of suffixes and postpositions, and lack of grammatical articles, noun classes, and ...

  8. Turkic peoples - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples

    The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages. [37] [38]According to historians and linguists, the Proto-Turkic language originated in Central-East Asia, [39] potentially in the Altai-Sayan region, Mongolia or Tuva.

  9. Turkish language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language

    Turkish is a member of the Oghuz group of the Turkic family. Other members include Azerbaijani, spoken in Azerbaijan and north-west Iran, Gagauz of Gagauzia, Qashqai of south Iran and the Turkmen of Turkmenistan.