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The military of the Ming dynasty was the military apparatus of China from 1368 to 1644. It was founded in 1368 during the Red Turban Rebellion by Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu Emperor). The military was initially organised along largely hereditary lines and soldiers were meant to serve in self-sufficient agricultural communities.
The remaining six chapters were divided into laws on personnel, rituals, revenue, military affairs, penal affairs, and public works. [16] This division corresponds to the organization of the Ming government into the Six Ministries, and differs considerably from both the Statutes of the Yuan Dynasty and the Tang Code. [17]
The Ming emperors introduced a new office, the military inspector (總督; zongdu), to the bureaucratic structure inherited from the Yuan dynasty. Initially, the army was mainly commanded by officers from noble families, but over time, they were gradually replaced by individuals of lower social status. [ 101 ]
Unlike previous Chinese dynasties that strictly separated military and civilian power, the Yuan administration of military and civil affairs tended to overlap, due to the traditional Mongol favour for the military over civilian affairs. This practice was harshly criticised by the Han Chinese scholar-officials at the time. [2]
The dominant religious beliefs during the Ming dynasty were the various forms of Chinese folk religion and the Three Teachings—Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. The Yuan-supported Tibetan lamas fell from favor, and the early Ming emperors particularly favored Taoism, granting its practitioners many positions in the state's ritual offices.
The Ming dynasty continued the Yuan tusi chiefdom system. The Ming tusi were categorized into civil and military ranks. [ 61 ] The civilian tusi were given the titles of Tu Zhifu ("native prefecture"), Tu Zhizhou ("native department") and Tu Zhixian ("native county") according to the size and population of their domains.
The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Alongside institutionalized ethnic discrimination against the Han people that stirred resentment and rebellion, other explanations for the Yuan's demise included overtaxing areas hard-hit by crop failure, inflation, and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation ...
The Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). The reforms of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder and first emperor of the Ming dynasty of China, in the 1360s–1390s were a comprehensive set of economic, social, and political changes aimed at rebuilding the Chinese state after years of conflict and disasters caused by the decline of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and the Chinese resistance against Mongol rule.