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The polarization at each direction in the sky has an orientation described in terms of E-mode and B-mode polarization. The E-mode signal is a factor of 10 less strong than the temperature anisotropy; it supplements the temperature data as they are correlated. The B-mode signal is even weaker but may contain additional cosmological data. [6]
Around AD 250, Diophantus considered the equation + =, where a and c are fixed numbers, and x and y are the variables to be solved for. This equation is different in form from Pell's equation but equivalent to it. Diophantus solved the equation for (a, c) equal to (1, 1), (1, −1), (1, 12), and (3, 9).
CMB spectral distortions are tiny departures of the average cosmic microwave background (CMB) frequency spectrum from the predictions given by a perfect black body.They can be produced by a number of standard and non-standard processes occurring at the early stages of cosmic history, and therefore allow us to probe the standard picture of cosmology.
120.2: 121: 124.11 Uruguay: 98.6: 55.3: 56.44 ... Meat consumption was calculated using a trade balance approach - total production plus imports, minus exports. See ...
Christopher C. Burt, a weather historian writing for Weather Underground, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least 2.2 or 2.8 °C (4 or 5 °F) too high. [13] Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth could still be at Death Valley, but is instead 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) recorded on 30 ...
As the direction of these steps are randomly taken, is approximately equal to , where is the number of steps the photon takes before the conformal time at decoupling (). [ 3 ] The diffusion length increases at recombination because the mean free path does, with less photon scattering occurring; this increases the amount of diffusion and damping.
Starobinsky inflation gives a prediction for primordial observables, e.g., the spectral tilt and the tensor-scalar ratio : ,, [11] where is the number of e-foldings since the horizon crossing.
Prediction of the observed B-mode polarization of the CMB light due to primordial gravitational waves. [ 26 ] [ 2 ] Observations of H 2 O emission spectra from a galaxy 12.8 billion light years away consistent with molecules excited by cosmic background radiation much more energetic – 16-20K – than the CMB we observe now, 3K.