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In addition to the absolute pass-through that uses incremental values (i.e., $2 cost shock causing $1 increase in price yields a 50% pass-through rate), some researchers use pass-through elasticity, where the ratio is calculated based on percentage change of price and cost (for example, with elasticity of 0.5, a 2% increase in cost yields a 1% increase in price).
Asymmetric price transmission (sometimes abbreviated as APT and informally called "rockets and feathers" , also known as asymmetric cost pass-through) refers to pricing phenomenon occurring when downstream prices react in a different manner to upstream price changes, depending on the characteristics of upstream prices or changes in those prices.
Formally, exchange-rate pass-through is the elasticity of local-currency import prices with respect to the local-currency price of foreign currency. It is often measured as the percentage change , in the local currency , of import prices resulting from a one percent change in the exchange rate between the exporting and importing countries. [ 1 ]
Also called resource cost advantage. The ability of a party (whether an individual, firm, or country) to produce a greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors using the same amount of resources. absorption The total demand for all final marketed goods and services by all economic agents resident in an economy, regardless of the origin of the goods and services themselves ...
[1] Shares of many non-U.S. companies trade on U.S. stock exchanges through ADRs, which are denominated and pay dividends in U.S. dollars, and may be traded like regular shares of stock. [2] ADRs are also traded during U.S. trading hours, through U.S. broker-dealers. ADRs simplify investing in foreign securities because the depositary bank ...
"Arbitrage" is a French word and denotes a decision by an arbitrator or arbitration tribunal (in modern French, "arbitre" usually means referee or umpire).In the sense used here, it was first defined in 1704 by Mathieu de la Porte in his treatise "La science des négociants et teneurs de livres" as a consideration of different exchange rates to recognise the most profitable places of issuance ...
Cost-based pricing is applied through setting the price of a product or good based on its production and delivery cost with a certain target margin. This method shows an emphasis for cost recovery and profit maximisation which tends to result in lower prices in commodities and/or lower quality of goods.
Thus, while credit cards which charge an annual fee plus a per-transaction fee is a good example of a two-part tariff, a fixed fee charged by a car rental company in addition to a per-kilometer fuel fee is not so good, because the fixed fee may reflect fixed costs such as registration and insurance which the firm must recoup in this manner.