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Epoxy moisture control systems can be applied over concrete with relative humidity levels up to 100%, and there are systems available on the market today that can be applied over concrete that is physically damp. In some cases, with the use of an epoxy moisture control system, floor coverings can be installed just 7 days after the slab is poured.
For example, pharmaceuticals that pick up more than 5% by mass, between 40 and 90% relative humidity at 25 °C, are described as hygroscopic, while materials that pick up less than 1%, under the same conditions are regarded as non-hygroscopic. [32] The amount of moisture held by hygroscopic materials is usually proportional to the relative ...
In many cases, damp is caused by "bridging" of a damp-proof course that is otherwise working effectively. For example, a flower bed next to an affected wall might result in soil being piled up against the wall above the level of the DPC. In this example, moisture from the ground would be able to ingress through the wall from the soil.
A common example is polyethylene sheeting laid under a concrete slab to prevent the concrete from gaining moisture through capillary action. [5] A DPM may be used for the DPC. Integral damp proofing in concrete involves adding materials to the concrete mix to make the concrete itself impermeable.
Masonry walls are built with a damp-proof course to prevent rising damp, and the concrete in foundations needs to be damp-proofed or waterproofed with a liquid coating, basement waterproofing membrane (even under the concrete slab floor where polyethylene sheeting is commonly used), or an additive to the concrete.
Uncovered concrete dries from the top down. Concrete moisture meters measure only the top inch at most [5] and this area is drier than the concrete further down. Once a floor covering has been installed the moisture in the slab equilibrates. In order to ensure the equilibrated moisture will be a safe level [6] for a floor covering, a relative ...
For example, toothpaste commonly contains small amounts of chalk, which serves as a mild abrasive. [27] Polishing chalk is chalk prepared with a carefully controlled grain size, for very fine polishing of metals. [28] French chalk (also known as tailor's chalk) is traditionally a hard chalk used to make temporary markings on cloth, mainly by ...
The initial energy costs include the amount of energy consumed to produce, deliver and install the material. The long term energy cost is the economic, ecological, and social costs of continuing to produce and deliver energy to the building for its use, maintenance, and eventual removal.