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An example of Ibid. citations in use, from Justice by Michael J. Sandel.. Ibid. is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibīdem, meaning ' in the same place ', commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item.
This abbreviation is used in citations to indicate an unspecified number of pages following the specified page. Example: "see page 258ff." ibid. ibidem "in the same place" (book, etc.)" [1] The abbreviation is used in citations. Not to be confused with id. id. idem "the same" (man) [1]
idem is a Latin term meaning "the same". It is commonly abbreviated as id., which is particularly used in legal citations to denote the previously cited source (compare ibid.). It is also used in academic citations to replace the name of a repeated author.
The use of ibid., id., or similar abbreviations is discouraged, as they may become broken as new references are added (op. cit. is less problematic in that it should refer explicitly to a citation contained in the article; however, not all readers are familiar with the meaning of the terms).
Perfectly correct Latin sentence usually reported as funny by modern Italians because the same exact words, in Italian, mean "Romans' calves are beautiful", which has a ridiculously different meaning. ibidem (ibid.) in the same place: Usually used in bibliographic citations to refer to the last source previously referenced. id est (i.e.)
Op. cit. thus refers the reader to the bibliography, where the full citation of the work can be found, or to a full citation given in a previous footnote. Op. cit. should never, therefore, be used on its own, which would be meaningless, but most often with the author's surname, [1] or another brief clue as to which work is referred to.
In cases where citations are lacking, the template {} can be added after the statement in question. The following table shows examples of these ways of citing sources, categorized as "the good, the bad and the ugly".
Loc. cit. (Latin, short for loco citato, meaning "in the place cited") is a footnote or endnote term used to repeat the title and page number for a given work (and author). Loc. cit. is used in place of ibid. when the reference is not only to the work immediately preceding, but also refers to the same page.
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