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Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), also referred to as pseudoseizures, non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD), functional seizures, or dissociative seizures, [2] [3] are episodes resembling an epileptic seizure but without the characteristic electrical discharges associated with epilepsy. [4] [3] [5]
Physiological causes include fainting, sleep disorders, and heart arrhythmias. [2] [3] Psychological causes are known as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. [3] Diagnosis may be based on the history of the event and physical examination with support from heart testing and an EEG. [3]
Syncope, psychogenic non-epileptic seizure, migraine aura, transient ischemic attack [3] [8] Treatment: Less than 5 min: Place person on their side, remove nearby dangerous objects More than 5 min: Treat as per status epilepticus [3] [5] [9] Frequency: ≈10% of people (overall worldwide lifetime risk) [10] [11]
Generally, seizures are observed in patients who do not have epilepsy. [1] There are many causes of seizures.Organ failure, medication and medication withdrawal, cancer, imbalance of electrolytes, hypertensive encephalopathy, may be some of its potential causes. [2]
Tongue bites are also relatively common in psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. [32] Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures are seizure like behavior without an associated synchronised electrical discharge on EEG and are considered a dissociative disorder. [32] Myoclonic seizures involve very brief muscle spasms in either a few areas or all over.
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures or convulsions; Persistent dystonia; Tremor, myoclonus or other movement disorders; Gait problems (astasia-abasia) Loss of consciousness (fainting) Sensory symptoms or deficits: Impaired vision, double vision; Impaired hearing; Loss or disturbance of touch or pain sensation
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are described as neurobehavioral conditions [20] or "psychogenic illnesses" which occur not due to the electrical disturbances in a person's brain but due to mental and emotional stress. [2] PNES are an important differential diagnosis and a common occurrence in epilepsy centers. [21]
Atonic seizures are a brief 0.5-2 second lapses in muscle tone commonly leading to a fall. [6] Epileptic spasm seizures are brief 1-2 second proximal limb and truncal flexion or extension movements, often repeated. [6] Hyperkinetic seizures occur as high amplitude truncal and limb movements such as pedaling, thrashing, and rocking movements. [7]
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