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2. Invert level - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invert_level

   Invert level affects flow from drainage pipes In civil engineering , the invert level is the base interior level of a pipe, trench or tunnel ; it can be considered the "floor" level. [ 1 ] The invert is an important datum for determining the functioning or flowline of a piping system.

3. Nominal Pipe Size - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size

   Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures. [1] " Nominal" refers to pipe in non-specific terms and identifies the diameter of the hole with a non-dimensional number (for example – 2-inch nominal steel pipe" consists of many varieties of steel pipe with the only criterion being a 2.375-inch (60.3 mm) outside ...

4. Culvert - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culvert

   As the diameter of the reline pipe will be smaller than the host pipe, the cross-sectional flow area will be smaller. By selecting a reline pipe with a very smooth internal surface with an approximate Hazen-Williams Friction Factor C value of between 140–150, the decreased flow area can be offset, and hydraulic flow rates potentially ...

5. Hydraulic diameter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_diameter

   For a fully filled duct or pipe whose cross-section is a convex regular polygon, the hydraulic diameter is equivalent to the diameter of a circle inscribed within the wetted perimeter. This can be seen as follows: The N {\displaystyle N} -sided regular polygon is a union of N {\displaystyle N} triangles, each of height D / 2 {\displaystyle D/2 ...

6. Pipe (fluid conveyance) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)

   For pipe sizes of NPS 14 inch (DN 350) and greater the NPS size is the actual diameter in inches and the DN size is equal to NPS times 25 (not 25.4) rounded to a convenient multiple of 50. For example, NPS 14 has an OD of 14 inches or 355.60 millimetres, and is equivalent to DN 350.

7. Piping and plumbing fitting - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting

   A reducer reduces the pipe size from a larger to a smaller bore (inner diameter). Alternatively, reducer may refer to any fitting which causes a change in pipe diameter. [15] This change may be intended to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the system or adapt to existing piping of a different size. The reduction length is usually equal to the ...