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The second derivative of a function f can be used to determine the concavity of the graph of f. [2] A function whose second derivative is positive is said to be concave up (also referred to as convex), meaning that the tangent line near the point where it touches the function will lie below the graph of the function.
A differentiable function f is (strictly) concave on an interval if and only if its derivative function f ′ is (strictly) monotonically decreasing on that interval, that is, a concave function has a non-increasing (decreasing) slope. [3] [4] Points where concavity changes (between concave and convex) are inflection points. [5]
Thus, the second partial derivative test indicates that f(x, y) has saddle points at (0, −1) and (1, −1) and has a local maximum at (,) since = <. At the remaining critical point (0, 0) the second derivative test is insufficient, and one must use higher order tests or other tools to determine the behavior of the function at this point.
The higher-order derivative test or general derivative test is able to determine whether a function's critical points are maxima, minima, or points of inflection for a wider variety of functions than the second-order derivative test. As shown below, the second-derivative test is mathematically identical to the special case of n = 1 in the ...
The roots, stationary points, inflection point and concavity of a cubic polynomial x 3 − 6x 2 + 9x − 4 (solid black curve) and its first (dashed red) and second (dotted orange) derivatives. In differential calculus and differential geometry , an inflection point , point of inflection , flex , or inflection (rarely inflexion ) is a point on ...
The second-derivative test for functions of one and two variables is simpler than the general case. In one variable, the Hessian contains exactly one second derivative; if it is positive, then is a local minimum, and if it is negative, then is a local
The derivative of the function given by () = + + is ′ = + () () + = + (). Here the second term was computed using the chain rule and the third term using the product rule. The known derivatives of the elementary functions , , (), (), and =, as well as the constant , were also used.
In calculus, the general Leibniz rule, [1] ... If, for example, n = 2, the rule gives an expression for the second derivative of a product of two functions: ...