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Macrophages also play a role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Like T cells, macrophages can be infected with HIV, and even become a reservoir of ongoing virus replication throughout the body. HIV can enter the macrophage through binding of gp120 to CD4 and second membrane receptor, CCR5 (a chemokine receptor).
Micrograph showing hemosiderin-laden alveolar macrophages, as seen in a pulmonary hemorrhage. H&E stain. An alveolar macrophage, pulmonary macrophage, (or dust cell) is a type of macrophage, a professional phagocyte, found in the airways and at the level of the alveoli in the lungs, but separated from their walls. [1]
Macrophages are diffusely scattered in the connective tissue and in liver (Kupffer cells), spleen and lymph nodes (sinus histiocytes), lungs (alveolar macrophages), and central nervous system (microglia). The half-life of blood monocytes is about 1 day, whereas the life span of tissue macrophages is several months or years.
Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. This ability is connected to their multiple roles in the organism: they are powerful effector cells of the innate immune system, but also important in removal of cellular debris, embryonic development and tissue repair.
The genes for CCL3 and CCL4 are both located on human chromosome 17 [9] and on murine chromosome 11. [4] They are produced by many cells, particularly macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. [10] MIP-1 are best known for their chemotactic and proinflammatory effects but can also promote homeostasis. [10]
Microglia and macrophages together help in the oligodendrocyte remyelination. [7] Intestinal injury of the epithelia activates macrophages that secrete a wide range of survival and growth progenitor factors which is very similar to muscle regeneration. M1 macrophages induce proliferative environment by secreting cytokines IL6, TNF, IL1, and G ...
A foreign-body giant cell is a collection of fused macrophages which are generated in response to the presence of a large foreign body. This is particularly evident with catheters , parasites , or biomaterials that are inserted into the body for replacement or regeneration of diseased or damaged tissues.
M1 macrophages are microbicidal and tumoricidal, and stimulate adaptive immune response. M2 macrophages are associated with anti-inflammatory and homeostatic functions linked to wound healing. However, in this classification system, M1 and M2 macrophages are regarded as two extreme phenotypes.