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Physiological causes include fainting, sleep disorders, and heart arrhythmias. [2] [3] Psychological causes are known as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. [3] Diagnosis may be based on the history of the event and physical examination with support from heart testing and an EEG. [3]
A breakthrough seizure is an epileptic seizure that occurs despite the use of anticonvulsants that have otherwise successfully prevented seizures in the patient. [ 52 ] : 456 Breakthrough seizures may be more dangerous than non-breakthrough seizures because they are unexpected by the patient, who may have considered themselves free from ...
On average, it takes seven years to receive a proper diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of PNES firstly involves ruling out epilepsy as the cause of the seizure episodes, along with other organic causes of non-epileptic seizures, including syncope, migraine, vertigo, anoxia, hypoglycemia, and stroke.
Atonic seizures are a brief 0.5-2 second lapses in muscle tone commonly leading to a fall. [6] Epileptic spasm seizures are brief 1-2 second proximal limb and truncal flexion or extension movements, often repeated. [6] Hyperkinetic seizures occur as high amplitude truncal and limb movements such as pedaling, thrashing, and rocking movements. [7]
Because epileptic seizures typically include convulsions, the term convulsion is often used as a synonym for seizure. [1] However, not all epileptic seizures result in convulsions, and not all convulsions are caused by epileptic seizures. [1] [2] Non-epileptic convulsions have no relation with epilepsy, and are caused by non-epileptic seizures. [1]
Seizure prediction is a special case of seizure detection in which the developed systems is able to issue a warning before the clinical onset of the epileptic seizure. [ 76 ] [ 78 ] Computational neuroscience has been able to bring a new point of view on the seizures by considering the dynamical aspects.
Treatment typically focuses on addressing the underlying causes, such as reducing stress or doing physical therapy, but prescription medications may be used if the headaches are frequent, Cohen noted.
Epilepsy is a group of non-communicable neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures. [10] An epileptic seizure is the clinical manifestation of an abnormal, excessive, and synchronized electrical discharge in the neurons. [1]
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