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Identification of the social conditions that causes malnutrition in children under five has received significant research attention as it is a major public health problem. [citation needed] Undernutrition most commonly results from a lack of access to high-quality, nutritious food. [5]
Undernutrition in children, occurs when children do not consume enough calories, protein, or micronutrients to maintain good health. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is common globally and may result in both short and long term irreversible adverse health outcomes.
Protein–energy undernutrition (PEU), once called protein–energy malnutrition (PEM), is a form of malnutrition that is defined as a range of conditions arising from coincident lack of dietary protein and/or energy in varying proportions. The condition has mild, moderate, and severe degrees.
Maternal undernutrition increases the chances of low-birth weight, which can increase the risk of infections and asphyxia in fetuses, increasing the probability of neonatal deaths. [128] Growth failure during intrauterine conditions, associated with improper mother nutrition, can contribute to lifelong health complications. [ 3 ]
Stunted growth, also known as stunting or linear growth failure, is defined as impaired growth and development manifested by low height-for-age. [1] It is often caused by malnutrition and can occur due to endogenous factors (such as chronic food insecurity) or exogenous factors (such as parasitic infection).
Edema may also involve the hands, trunk, and face. Kwashiorkor is characterized by a fatty liver. This fatty liver of the undernutrition phenotype is often accompanied by evidence of inflammation and fibrosis. Whereas a fatty liver of undernutrition is a consistent feature of kwashiorkor, it is only encountered sometimes in children with marasmus.
Vitamin poisoning is the condition of overly high storage levels of vitamins, which can lead to toxic symptoms. The medical names of the different conditions are derived from the vitamin involved: an excess of vitamin A, for example, is called "hypervitaminosis A".
Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency.It can occur in anyone with severe malnutrition but usually occurs in children. Body weight is reduced to less than 62% of the normal (expected) body weight for the age. [1]