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This comparison of programming languages compares how object-oriented programming languages such as C++, Java, Smalltalk, Object Pascal, Perl, Python, and others manipulate data structures. Object construction and destruction
Object-oriented programming – uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs Class-based – object-oriented programming in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, versus the objects themselves
Language Original purpose Imperative Object-oriented Functional Procedural Generic Reflective Other paradigms Standardized; 1C:Enterprise programming language: Application, RAD, business, general, web, mobile: Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Object-based, Prototype-based programming No ActionScript: Application, client-side, web Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ...
The lazy functional language, Miranda, developed by David Turner, initially appeared in 1985 and had a strong influence on Haskell. With Miranda being proprietary, Haskell began with a consensus in 1987 to form an open standard for functional programming research; implementation releases have been ongoing as of 1990.
Wolfram Language: No No Static Yes Yes Yes No Yes 1988 Kotlin: No Lazy delegation [78] and Sequence [79] Static Yes No Yes No Yes 2011 Swift: No No Static Yes Yes Yes No Swift uses Automatic Reference Counting, which differs from tracing garbage collection but is designed to provide similar benefits with better performance. 2014 Julia: No No ...
PHP (imperative, object-oriented, functional (can't be purely functional)) Pike (interpreted, general-purpose, high-level, cross-platform, dynamic programming language ) Prograph (dataflow, object-oriented (class-based), visual)
Object-oriented programming uses objects, but not all of the associated techniques and structures are supported directly in languages that claim to support OOP. The features listed below are common among languages considered to be strongly class- and object-oriented (or multi-paradigm with OOP support), with notable exceptions mentioned.
Functional programming languages tend to rely on tail call optimization and higher-order functions instead of imperative looping constructs. Many functional languages, however, are in fact impurely functional and offer imperative/procedural constructs that allow the programmer to write programs in procedural style, or in a combination of both ...