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Obstetrics entered a stage of stagnation in the 19th century, which lasted until about the 1880s. [77]: 96–98 The central explanation for the lack of advancement during this time was the rejection of obstetrics by the medical community. [91] The 19th century marked an era of medical reform in Europe and increased regulation over the profession.
Early to mid-13th century: Northern Europe: Beguine communities begin to flourish, providing informal religious education for women. [20] c. 1225: England "Ancrene Wisse," a manual for anchoresses, is written, reflecting the religious education available to some women. [21] 1237: Italy Bettisia Gozzadini earns a law degree at the University of ...
Ida Freund (1863–1914), first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom [21]: 59–60 Louise Hammarström (1849–1917), Swedish chemist; Edith Humphrey (1875–1978), probably the first British woman to gain a doctorate in chemistry [22] Julia Lermontova (1846–1919), Russian chemist [21]: 61–64
Midwifery and obstetrics are different but overlap in medical practice that focuses on pregnancy and labor. Midwifery emphasizes the normality of pregnancy along with the reproductive process. Classical Antiquity saw the beginning of attempts to classify various areas of medical research, and the terms gynecology and obstetrics came into use.
Upon their marriage, Mme. Lavoisier began to study chemistry, English, and drawing in order to help her husband in his work either by translating papers into English, a language which Lavoisier did not know, or by keeping records and drawing the various apparatuses that Lavoisier used in his labs. [64]
In the early 20th century, the study of heredity became a major investigation after the rediscovery in 1900 of the laws of inheritance developed by Mendel. [226] The 20th century also saw the integration of physics and chemistry, with chemical properties explained as the result of the electronic structure of the atom.
Early 12th century: Dobrodeia of Kiev (died 1131), a Rus' princess and Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire, was the first woman to write a treatise on medicine. [14] Early 12th century: The Italian medical practitioner Trota of Salerno compiled medical works on women's ailments and skin diseases. [15]
A 12th-century manuscript of the Hippocratic Oath in Greek, one of the most famous aspects of classical medicine that carried into later eras. The history of medicine is both a study of medicine throughout history as well as a multidisciplinary field of study that seeks to explore and understand medical practices, both past and present, throughout human societies.