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In ()-(), L1-norm ‖ ‖ returns the sum of the absolute entries of its argument and L2-norm ‖ ‖ returns the sum of the squared entries of its argument.If one substitutes ‖ ‖ in by the Frobenius/L2-norm ‖ ‖, then the problem becomes standard PCA and it is solved by the matrix that contains the dominant singular vectors of (i.e., the singular vectors that correspond to the highest ...
Cache organization with L1 private and L2 and L3 shared. A private cache is assigned to one particular core in a processor, and cannot be accessed by any other cores. In some architectures, each core has its own private cache; this creates the risk of duplicate blocks in a system's cache architecture, which results in reduced capacity utilization.
Harvard architecture Bobcat: 2011 Out-of-order execution Bulldozer: 2011 20 Shared multithreaded L2 cache, multithreading, multi-core, around 20 stage long pipeline, integrated memory controller, out-of-order, superscalar, up to 16 cores per chip, up to 16 MB L3 cache, Virtualization, Turbo Core, FlexFPU which uses simultaneous multithreading [2]
Example of a system context diagram. [1] A system context diagram in engineering is a diagram that defines the boundary between the system, or part of a system, and its environment, showing the entities that interact with it. [2] This diagram is a high level view of a system. It is similar to a block diagram.
As illustrated in Figure 1, initially consider both L1 and L2 caches to be empty (a). Assume that the processor sends a read X request. It will be a miss in both L1 and L2 and hence the block is brought into both L1 and L2 from the main memory as shown in (b). Now, assume the processor issues a read Y request which is a miss in both L1 and L2.
The C4 model documents the architecture of a software system, by showing multiple points of view [5] that explain the decomposition of a system into containers and components, the relationship between these elements, and, where appropriate, the relation with its users. [3] The viewpoints are organized according to their hierarchical level: [2] [3]
An architecture description is a formal description and representation of a system, organized in a way that supports reasoning about the structures and behaviors of the system. A system architecture can consist of system components and the sub-systems developed, that will work together to implement the overall system. There have been efforts to ...
A CPU cache is a hardware cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to reduce the average cost (time or energy) to access data from the main memory. [1] A cache is a smaller, faster memory, located closer to a processor core, which stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations.