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  2. Grey relational analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_relational_analysis

    A grey system means that a system in which part of information is known and part of information is unknown. Formally, grey systems theory describes uncertainty by interval-valued unknowns called grey numbers, with the width of the interval reflecting more or less precise knowledge. [3]

  3. Complex-base system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex-base_system

    Binary coding systems of complex numbers, i.e. systems with the digits = {,}, are of practical interest. [9] Listed below are some coding systems , (all are special cases of the systems above) and resp. codes for the (decimal) numbers −1, 2, −2, i. The standard binary (which requires a sign, first line) and the "negabinary" systems (second ...

  4. Complex number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number

    In mathematics, a complex number is an element of a number system that extends the real numbers with a specific element denoted i, called the imaginary unit and satisfying the equation =; every complex number can be expressed in the form +, where a and b are real numbers.

  5. Hypercomplex number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercomplex_number

    In the nineteenth century, number systems called quaternions, tessarines, coquaternions, biquaternions, and octonions became established concepts in mathematical literature, added to the real and complex numbers. The concept of a hypercomplex number covered them all, and called for a discipline to explain and classify them.

  6. System identification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_identification

    grey box model: although the peculiarities of what is going on inside the system are not entirely known, a certain model based on both insight into the system and experimental data is constructed. This model does however still have a number of unknown free parameters which can be estimated using system identification.

  7. Quater-imaginary base - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quater-imaginary_base

    Every complex number (every number of the form a+bi) has a quater-imaginary representation. Most numbers have a unique quater-imaginary representation, but just as 1 has the two representations 1 = 0. 9 in decimal notation, so, because of 0. 0001 2 i = ⁠ 1 / 15 ⁠ , the number ⁠ 1 / 5 ⁠ has the two quater-imaginary representations 0 ...

  8. Cayley–Dickson construction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley–Dickson_construction

    As a complex number consists of two independent real numbers, they form a two-dimensional vector space over the real numbers. Besides being of higher dimension, the complex numbers can be said to lack one algebraic property of the real numbers: a real number is its own conjugate.

  9. Complex plane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_plane

    In mathematics, the complex plane is the plane formed by the complex numbers, with a Cartesian coordinate system such that the horizontal x-axis, called the real axis, is formed by the real numbers, and the vertical y-axis, called the imaginary axis, is formed by the imaginary numbers. The complex plane allows for a geometric interpretation of ...