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Traditional scholarship viewed the war as a French victory that marked the start of France's rise, replacing Spain as the predominant European power. [9] More recent assessments argue this relies on hindsight, and that while France made crucial strategic gains around its borders, the outcome was far more balanced.
The Treaty of the Pyrenees [1] was signed on 7 November 1659 and ended the Franco-Spanish War that had begun in 1635. [2]Negotiations were conducted and the treaty was signed on Pheasant Island, situated in the middle of the Bidasoa River on the border between the two countries, which has remained a French-Spanish condominium ever since.
By this treaty France gained Roussillon and Perpignan, Thionville, Montmédy and other parts of Luxembourg, Artois and towns in Flanders, including Arras, Béthune and Gravelines, and a new border with Spain was fixed at the Pyrenees. [32]
The Franco-Spanish border runs for 656.3 kilometres (407.8 mi) between southwestern France and northeastern Spain. It begins in the west on the Bay of Biscay at the French city of Hendaye and the Spanish city of Irun ( 43°22′32″N 01°47′31″W / 43.37556°N 1.79194°W / 43.37556; -1.79194
France–Spain relations are bilateral relations between France and Spain, in which both share a long border across the Pyrenees, other than one point which is cut off by Andorra. As two of the most powerful kingdoms of the early modern era , France and Spain fought a 24-year war (the Franco-Spanish War ) until the signing of the Treaty of the ...
By this treaty France gained Roussillon and Perpignan, Montmédy and other parts of Luxembourg, Artois and other towns in Flanders, including Arras, Béthune, Gravelines and Thionville, and a new border with Spain was fixed at the Pyrenees. [14] Spain was forced to recognise and confirm all of the French gains at the Peace of Westphalia. [14]
A French army captured the port of Gravelines, then in the Spanish Netherlands, now the Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. Siege operations began on 28 May 1644 and the town surrendered on 28 July. Recaptured by the Spanish in 1652, it changed hands again in 1658 and was ceded to France in the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees.
Europe had been battered by both the Thirty Years' War and the overlapping Eighty Years' War (begun c. 1568), exacting a heavy toll in money and lives. The Eighty Years' War was a prolonged struggle for the independence of the Protestant-majority Dutch Republic (the modern Netherlands), supported by Protestant-majority England, against Catholic-dominated Spain and Portugal.