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The parts of the fetal brain that control movement will not fully form until late in the second trimester, and the first part of the third trimester. [7] Control of movement is limited at birth, and purposeful voluntary movements develop during the long period up until puberty. [8]
Quickening indicates the start of fetal movements, usually felt 14–26 weeks after conception, or between the fourth and sixth month. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] A woman pregnant for the first time (i.e., a primigravida woman) typically feels fetal movements at about 20–21 weeks, whereas a woman who has given birth at least once will typically feel ...
Nutritionally, pregnant women require a caloric increase of 350 kcal/day and an increase in protein to 70 or 75 g/day. [citation needed] There is also an increased folate requirement from 0.4 to 0.8 mg/day (important in preventing neural tube defects). On average, a weight gain of 20 to 30 lb (9.1 to 13.6 kg) is experienced. [citation needed]
The fetus is considered full-term between weeks 37 and 40 when it is sufficiently developed for life outside the uterus. [14] [15] It may be 48 to 53 cm (19 to 21 in) in length when born. Control of movement is limited at birth, and purposeful voluntary movements continue to develop until puberty. [16] [17]
This causes a significant increase in output of the left ventricle and increase in stroke volume. Subsequently, calcium channel activity increases and potassium channel decreases furthering ductal constriction. Functional closure of the ductus arteriosus occurs within the first 24 hours, with permanent closure following within 4 weeks.
Calories may need to increase by 333 kcal/day during the first four to six weeks postpartum and then by 400 kcal/day 6 months postpartum. [2] Other foods or substances are not recommended postpartum if breastfeeding because they may have effects on the baby via breastmilk. Some clinicians discourage the use of caffeine.
This enables fetal hemoglobin to absorb oxygen from adult hemoglobin in the placenta, where the oxygen pressure is lower than at the lungs. Around 6 months of age after birth, the gamma chains will gradually be replaced by beta chains. This new hemoglobin structure is known as hemoglobin A, composed of two alpha and two beta chains (2α2β). [4]
Stillbirth is defined as fetal loss or death after 20 weeks gestation. Early stillbirth is between 20 and 27 weeks gestation, while late stillbirth is between 28 and 36 weeks gestation. A term stillbirth is when the fetus dies 37 weeks and above. [47]