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Main article: Flavonoid biosynthesis. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites synthesized mainly by plants. The general structure of flavonoids is a fifteen-carbon skeleton, containing two benzene rings connected by a three-carbon linking chain. [ 1 ] Therefore, they are depicted as C6-C3-C6 compounds.
Polyphenols (/ ˌpɒliˈfiːnoʊl, - nɒl /) are a large family of naturally occurring phenols. [ 1 ] They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] Polyphenols include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of which have been used historically as dyes and for tanning garments.
A polyphenol antioxidant is a hypothesized type of antioxidant studied in vitro. Numbering over 4,000 distinct chemical structures mostly from plants, such polyphenols have not been demonstrated to be antioxidants in vivo. [1][2][3] In vitro at high experimental doses, polyphenols may affect cell-to-cell signaling, receptor sensitivity ...
Flavonoids, a subset of polyphenol antioxidants, are present in many berries, as well as in coffee and tea. Examples: Myricetin - walnuts are a rich source; Isoflavone phytoestrogens - found primarily in soy, peanuts, and other members of the family Fabaceae; Resveratrol - found in the skins of dark-colored grapes, and concentrated in red wine.
Flavones. Molecular structure of the flavone backbone with numbers. Flavones (from Latin flavus "yellow") are a class of flavonoids based on the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phenyl-1- benzopyran -4-one) (as shown in the first image of this article). [1][2] Flavones are common in foods, mainly from spices, and some yellow or orange ...
Flavonols are a class of flavonoids that have the 3-hydroxyflavone backbone (IUPAC name: 3-hydroxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one). Their diversity stems from the different positions of the phenolic –OH groups. They are distinct from flavanols (with "a") such as catechin, another class of flavonoids, and an unrelated group of metabolically important ...
Antioxidants in cosmetic products prevent oxidation of active ingredients and lipid content. For example, phenolic antioxidants such as stilbenes, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acid strongly absorb UV radiation due to the presence of chromophores. They reduce oxidative stress from sun exposure by absorbing UV light.
Definition. Phytochemicals are chemicals of plant origin. [ 1 ] Phytochemicals (from Greek phyto, meaning "plant") are chemicals produced by plants through primary or secondary metabolism. [ 2 ][ 3 ] They generally have biological activity in the plant host and play a role in plant growth or defense against competitors, pathogens, or predators.