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t. e. Number theory (or arithmetic or higher arithmetic in older usage) is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and arithmetic functions. German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics." [1]
Noncommutative algebra. v. t. e. Transcendental number theory is a branch of number theory that investigates transcendental numbers (numbers that are not solutions of any polynomial equation with rational coefficients), in both qualitative and quantitative ways.
Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number. Salem number. Transcendental number. e (mathematical constant) pi, list of topics related to pi. Squaring the circle. Proof that e is irrational. Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem. Hilbert's seventh problem.
Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers , finite fields , and function fields .
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
Hardy–Ramanujan–Littlewood circle method. In mathematics, the Hardy–Ramanujan–Littlewood circle method is a technique of analytic number theory. It is named for G. H. Hardy, S. Ramanujan, and J. E. Littlewood, who developed it in a series of papers on Waring's problem.
The Erdős–Straus conjecture is an unproven statement in number theory. The conjecture is that, for every integer that is 2 or more, there exist positive integers , , and for which In other words, the number can be written as a sum of three positive unit fractions.
Shimura's reciprocity law. Siegel–Weil formula. Siegel's theorem on integral points. Six exponentials theorem. Skolem–Mahler–Lech theorem. Sophie Germain's theorem. Størmer's theorem. Subspace theorem. Sum of two squares theorem.
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