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The Inca road system (also spelled Inka road system and known as Qhapaq Ñan[note 1] meaning "royal road" in Quechua [1]) was the most extensive and advanced transportation system in pre-Columbian South America. It was about 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi) long. [2]: 242 The construction of the roads required a large expenditure of time and ...
The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years. The early Muslim conquests that occurred following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE led to the creation of the caliphates, expanding over a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces expanding over vast territories and building imperial structures over time. [1][2 ...
Islam. The Mihna (Arabic: محنة خلق القرآن, romanized: miḥna khalaq al-qurʾān, lit. 'ordeal of Quranic createdness ') (also known as the first Muslim inquisition) was a period of religious persecution instituted by the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun in 833 CE in which religious scholars were punished, imprisoned, or even killed unless ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 18 September 2024. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...
Social and cultural exchange in al-Andalus. A Jew and a Muslim playing chess in 13th century al-Andalus. Muslims, Christians, and Jews co-existed for over seven centuries in the Iberian Peninsula during the era of Al-Andalus states. The degree to which the Christians and the Jews were tolerated by their Muslim rulers is a subject widely ...
Sea Conquest this term, as used by Arabic and Islamic sources, refers to the Muslim conquest of Mediterranean islands. The Rashidun Caliphate, under the rule of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan, marked the inaugural instance of Muslim naval military activity in history. This campaign was initiated to eradicate the remaining bastions of Roman resistance ...
Cultural anthropologist Haroon Khalid wrote that after the partition of India, a few Muslims regularly visited Guru Nanak's shrine in Kartapur Sahib and made offerings; they continued to do so despite the shrine's dilapidated condition and its harboring of smugglers and drug addicts. [15]
The early Muslim–Meccan conflict refer to a series of raids in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions participated. The raids were generally offensive [1] and carried out to gather intelligence or seize the trade goods of caravans financed by the Mushrik of the Quraysh. His followers were also impoverished. [2]