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The detection limit (according to IUPAC) is the smallest concentration, or the smallest absolute amount, of analyte that has a signal statistically significantly larger than the signal arising from the repeated measurements of a reagent blank. Mathematically, the analyte's signal at the detection limit is given by:
These contribute to the sample value in the analytical measurement and therefore have to be subtracted. [1] The limit of blank is defined by the Clinical And Laboratory Standards Institute as the highest apparent analyte concentration expected to be found when replicates of a sample containing no analyte are tested. [2]
A calibration curve plot showing limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), dynamic range, and limit of linearity (LOL).. In analytical chemistry, a calibration curve, also known as a standard curve, is a general method for determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown sample by comparing the unknown to a set of standard samples of known concentration. [1]
A blank solution is a solution containing little to no analyte of interest, [1] usually used to calibrate instruments such as a colorimeter. According to the EPA, the "primary purpose of blanks is to trace sources of artificially introduced contamination." [2] Different types of blanks are used to identify the source of contamination in the ...
The 95% limits of agreement can be unreliable estimates of the population parameters especially for small sample sizes so, when comparing methods or assessing repeatability, it is important to calculate confidence intervals for 95% limits of agreement. This can be done by Bland and Altman's approximate method [3] or by more precise methods. [6]
To calculate the recall for a given class, we divide the number of true positives by the prevalence of this class (number of times that the class occurs in the data sample). The class-wise precision and recall values can then be combined into an overall multi-class evaluation score, e.g., using the macro F1 metric. [21]
The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample. In practice, the sample size used in a study is usually determined based on the cost, time, or convenience of collecting the data, and the need for it to offer sufficient statistical power. In complex studies ...
The MPN method involves taking the original solution or sample, and subdividing it by orders of magnitude (frequently 10× or 2×), and assessing presence/absence in multiple subdivisions. The degree of dilution at which absence begins to appear indicates that the items have been diluted so much that there are many subsamples in which none appear.