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Seppo Ilmari Linnainmaa (born 28 September 1945) is a Finnish mathematician and computer scientist known for creating the modern version of backpropagation. Biography [ edit ]
For backpropagation, the activation as well as the derivatives () ′ (evaluated at ) must be cached for use during the backwards pass. The derivative of the loss in terms of the inputs is given by the chain rule; note that each term is a total derivative , evaluated at the value of the network (at each node) on the input x {\displaystyle x} :
To find the right derivative, we again apply the chain rule, this time differentiating with respect to the total input to , : = () Note that the output of the j {\displaystyle j} th neuron, y j {\displaystyle y_{j}} , is just the neuron's activation function g {\displaystyle g} applied to the neuron's input h j {\displaystyle h_{j}} .
Automatic differentiation is a subtle and central tool to automatize the simultaneous computation of the numerical values of arbitrarily complex functions and their derivatives with no need for the symbolic representation of the derivative, only the function rule or an algorithm thereof is required.
Rprop, short for resilient backpropagation, is a learning heuristic for supervised learning in feedforward artificial neural networks. This is a first-order optimization algorithm . This algorithm was created by Martin Riedmiller and Heinrich Braun in 1992.
The C++ heyoka and python package heyoka.py make large use of this technique to offer advanced differentiable programming capabilities (also at high orders). A package for the Julia programming language – Zygote – works directly on Julia's intermediate representation .
Backpropagation through time (BPTT) is a gradient-based technique for training certain types of recurrent neural networks, such as Elman networks. The algorithm was independently derived by numerous researchers.
The derivative of with respect to yields the state equation as shown before, and the state variable is =. The derivative of L {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}} with respect to u {\displaystyle u} is equivalent to the adjoint equation, which is, for every δ u ∈ R m {\displaystyle \delta _{u}\in \mathbb {R} ^{m}} ,