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Heuchera (/ ˈ h juː k ɪ r ə / HEW-kih-rə [2] or / ˈ h ɔɪ k ə r ə / HOY-kih-rə [3]) is a genus of largely evergreen [4] perennial plants in the family Saxifragaceae. All species are native to North America except for Heuchera sichotensis, native to the Russian Far East. [5] Common names include alumroot and coral bells. [6]
Heuchera sanguinea, called coral bells, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Heuchera, native to the US states of Arizona and New Mexico, and to northern Mexico. [2] A number of cultivars are commercially available. [3] The Latin specific epithet sanguinea means blood-red, in reference to the color of the flowers. [4]
Heuchera americana, or American alumroot (also called Coral bells or Rock geranium), is a small (under 2 ft. high and wide) evergreen perennial native to eastern and central North America while also ranging into Ontario, Canada. It is a part of the Saxifrage family.
All sponges in this class are strictly marine, and, while they are distributed worldwide, most are found in shallow tropical waters. Like nearly all other sponges, they are sedentary filter feeders. All three sponge body plans (asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid) can be found within the class Calcarea. Typically, calcareous sponges are small ...
Heuchera maxima is a species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family, known by the common names island alum root, Channel Islands coral bells, and Jill of the rocks. It is endemic to the four northern Channel Islands of California, within Channel Islands National Park. It grows on canyon cliffs in coastal sage scrub habitats. [1]
The Caribbean chicken-liver sponge Chondrilla nucula secretes toxins that kill coral polyps, allowing the sponges to grow over the coral skeletons. [18] Others, especially in the family Clionaidae , use corrosive substances secreted by their archeocytes to tunnel into rocks, corals and the shells of dead mollusks . [ 18 ]
Bioerosion describes the breakdown of hard ocean substrates – and less often terrestrial substrates – by living organisms. Marine bioerosion can be caused by mollusks, polychaete worms, phoronids, sponges, crustaceans, echinoids, and fish; it can occur on coastlines, on coral reefs, and on ships; its mechanisms include biotic boring, drilling, rasping, and scraping.
The most evidenced hypothesis of sponge-specific symbionts says that sponges were colonized prior to sponge speciation, during the Precambrian period. [15] This colonization is thought to have been maintained throughout the years by vertical transmission , which resulted in microbial species diverging alongside sponge species. [ 2 ]