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The arches of the foot, formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones, strengthened by ligaments and tendons, allow the foot to support the weight of the body in the erect posture with the least weight. They are categorized as longitudinal and transverse arches .
The talus (/ ˈ t eɪ l ə s /; Latin for ankle [1] or ankle bone; [2] pl.: tali), talus bone, astragalus (/ ə ˈ s t r æ ɡ ə l ə s /), or ankle bone is one of the group of foot bones known as the tarsus. The tarsus forms the lower part of the ankle joint. It transmits the entire weight of the body from the lower legs to the foot. [3]
The sinus tarsi located in the hindfoot, it is contained by the calcaneus, talus, talocalcaneonavicular joint, and the bottom of the subtalar joint. [1] There are five ligamentous structures present inside it: the intermediate, medial, and lateral roots of the inferior extensor retinaculum; the cervical ligament, and the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament.
Tarsal tunnel syndrome is the most commonly reported nerve entrapment of the ankle. It is analogous to carpal tunnel syndrome in the wrist. It is caused by compression of the tibial nerve underneath the flexor retinaculum of the foot. [1] People with tarsal tunnel syndrome have pain in the plantar aspect of the foot mostly at night.
There are multiple ways that tarsal tunnel can be treated and the pain can be reduced. The initial treatment, whether it be conservative or surgical, depends on the severity of the tarsal tunnel and how much pain the patient is in. There was a study done that treated patients diagnosed with tarsal tunnel syndrome with a conservative approach.
The flexor retinaculum of the foot extends from the medial malleolus above, to the calcaneus below. [1] This converts a series of bony grooves into canals for the passage of the tendons of the flexor muscles and the posterior tibial vessels and tibial nerve into the sole of the foot, known as the tarsal tunnel.
Sinus tarsi syndrome can have a variety of causes. The most common is an inversion (rolling out) ankle sprain, which makes up 70-80% of cases, followed by pronation of the foot, which is responsible for about 20-30% of cases. [3]
The calcaneus is also modified, forming a heel for the attachment of the Achilles tendon. Neither of these adaptations is found in reptiles, which have a relatively simple structure to both bones. [3] The fifth distal tarsal disappears relatively early in evolution, with the remainder becoming the cuneiform and cuboid bones.