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Northern New Spain: A Research Guide (1981) by Thomas C. Barnes, Thomas H. Naylor, and Charles W. Polzer, p. 94. (in Spanish) List of viceroys and other colonial rulers at the Mexican government site (in Spanish) Cronología de los Gobernantes de México 1325–2000 (Powerpoint) (in Spanish) List of Spanish colonial officials before the viceroyalty
Juan José Ruiz de Apodaca y Eliza, 1st Count of Venadito, OIC, OSH, KOC (3 February 1754 – 11 January 1835) was a Spanish Navy officer, nobleman and colonial administrator who served as the viceroy of New Spain from 20 September 1816 to 5 July 1821 during the Mexican War of Independence.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, Spanish settlers founded major cities such as Mexico City, Puebla, and Guadalajara, turning New Spain into a vital part of the Spanish Empire. The discovery of silver in Zacatecas and Guanajuato significantly boosted the economy, leading to conflicts like the Chichimeca War .
Juan José Rafael Teodomiro de O'Donojú y O'Ryan (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxwan de oˌðonoˈxuj ˌoˈraʝan] ⓘ, 30 July 1762 – 8 October 1821) was a Spanish-Irish military officer, diplomat and Viceroy of New Spain from 21 July 1821 to 28 September 1821 during the Mexican War of Independence. He was the last Viceroy of New Spain.
The viceroy was the "king's living image" [27] in New Spain. In 1808 viceroy José de Iturrigaray (1803–1808) was in office when Napoleon's forces invaded Iberia and deposed the Spanish monarch Charles IV and Napoleon's brother Joseph was declared the monarch. This turn of events set off a crisis of legitimacy.
The Mexican Empire (Spanish: Imperio Mexicano, pronounced [imˈpeɾjo mexiˈkano] ⓘ) was a constitutional monarchy and the first independent government of Mexico.It was also the only former viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire to establish a monarchy after gaining independence.
In 1766, he succeeded Joaquín de Montserrat as viceroy of New Spain, [citation needed], making him the first foreign-born viceroy of Spain. [1] He arrived in Veracruz on July 10, 1766. The transfer of power occurred at Otumba, en route to Mexico City , on August 23, 1766, but his term of office is usually dated from his formal entry into ...
Due to his reputation as an Indian fighter, Viceroy Enríquez de Almanza commissioned him in 1575 to join Capt. Francisco de Puga to pacify a large area north of Mexico City centered in Xalpa (present day Jalpan de Serra, Queretaro). [3] The Indian tribes collectively known as Chichimecas had destroyed the Catholic missions in the area.