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La Crítica, a 1906 self-portrait by Julio Ruelas where criticism is depicted as a creature atop his head. Criticism is the construction of a judgement about the negative or positive qualities of someone or something.
Jumping to conclusions (officially the jumping conclusion bias, often abbreviated as JTC, and also referred to as the inference-observation confusion [1]) is a psychological term referring to a communication obstacle where one "judge[s] or decide[s] something without having all the facts; to reach unwarranted conclusions".
Additionally, hindsight bias affects judgment of business cases in court. A study by Strohmeier et al. (2020) found, that professional legal investigators (such as judges, lawyers and bankers with legal background) are perceptible to hindsight bias when judging the foreseeability of bankruptcy and assessing the legal responsibility of the CEO. [62]
Cultural bias is the related phenomenon of interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture. Numerous such biases exist, concerning cultural norms for color, location of body parts, mate selection, concepts of justice, linguistic and logical validity, acceptability of evidence, and taboos. Ordinary people may tend ...
The tendency to perceive meaningful connections between unrelated things. [17] The following are types of apophenia: Clustering illusion, the tendency to overestimate the importance of small runs, streaks, or clusters in large samples of random data (that is, seeing phantom patterns).
The use of tautologies, however, is usually unintentional. For example, the phrases "mental telepathy", "planned conspiracies", and "small dwarfs" imply that there are such things as physical telepathy, spontaneous conspiracies, and giant dwarfs, which are oxymorons. [8] Parallelism is not tautology, but rather a particular stylistic device.
Christianity – Jesus warned about judging others in the Sermon on the Mount: "Do not judge, so that you may not be judged." ( Matthew 7:1–5 ). The Last Judgement is a significant concept in the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), and also found in the Frashokereti of Zoroastrianism.
It is then one thing to say, "the production of certain things of nature or that of collective nature is only possible through a cause which determines itself to action according to design"; and quite another to say, "I can according to the peculiar constitution of my cognitive faculties judge concerning the possibility of these things and ...