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Perhaps the most important advance made by the Mesopotamians was the invention of writing by the Sumerians. With the invention of writing came the first recorded laws called the Code of Hammurabi as well as the first major piece of literature called the Epic of Gilgamesh. Several of the six classic simple machines were invented in Mesopotamia. [6]
An Egyptian method of determining the time during the night, used from at least 600 BC, was a type of plumb-line called a merkhet. A north–south meridian was created using two merkhets aligned with Polaris, the north pole star. The time was determined by observing particular stars as they crossed the meridian. [24]
11th century - Sets of hourglasses were maintained by ship's pages to mark the progress of a ship during its voyage; 11th century - Large town clocks were used in Europe to display local time, maintained by hand; 1335 - First known mechanical clock, in Milan; 1502 - Peter Henlein builds the first pocketwatch
4000 BC: Probable time period of the first diamond-mines in the world, in Southern India. [124] 4000 BC: Paved roads, in and around the Mesopotamian city of Ur, Iraq. [125] 4000 BC: Plumbing. The earliest pipes were made of clay, and are found at the Temple of Bel at Nippur in Babylonia. [126] [b]
Several of the six classic simple machines were invented in Mesopotamia. [18] Mesopotamians have been credited with the invention of the wheel. The wheel and axle mechanism first appeared with the potter's wheel, invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC. [19]
The screw, the last of the simple machines to be invented, [11] first appeared in Mesopotamia during the Neo-Assyrian period (911-609) BC. [9] The Egyptian pyramids were built using three of the six simple machines, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever, to create structures like the Great Pyramid of Giza. [12]
Pont du Gard (1st century AD), over the Gardon in southern France, is one of the masterpieces of Roman technology. Ancient Roman technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods, processes, and engineering practices which supported Roman civilization and made possible the expansion of the economy and military of ancient Rome (753 BC – 476 AD).
The planing machine, the milling machine and the shaping machine were developed in the early decades of the 19th century. Although the milling machine was invented at this time, it was not developed as a serious workshop tool until somewhat later in the 19th century.