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Adults, especially the elderly, may show a more complicated presentation. [2] [6] Complications may include neurological problems and heart failure. [1] Most cases occur after infectious diarrhea due to a specific type of E. coli called O157:H7. [2] Other causes include S. pneumoniae, Shigella, Salmonella, and certain medications.
The most common causes of CKD are high blood pressure and diabetes, "which damage the small blood vessels and filtering units in the kidneys over time," says Nagata. Other potential causes he ...
Early symptoms include headache, lower back pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stool, the appearance of spots on the skin, bleeding in the respiratory tract, and renal symptoms such as kidney swelling, excess protein in urine, and blood in urine. During the hypotensive phase, blood pressure lowers due to microvascular leakage.
The damage to the basement membrane causes bleeding, and the disease often presents in patients as hematuria and haemoptysis (coughing up blood). If not treated promptly with plasmapharesis to remove the autoantibodies, it can lead to permanent damage in the lungs/kidneys. [21]
Gastrointestinal bleeding; Pulmonary embolism; Myocardial ischaemia (lack of blood supply to the heart muscles) Speech disorders; Haemoglobin decrease; Proteinuria (protein in the urine; usually indicative of kidney damage)
Osmotic diuresis: the increase in urine production due to an excess of osmotic (namely glucose and urea) load in the tubules of the kidneys; Overuse of pharmacologic diuretics; Impaired response to hormones controlling salt and water balance (see mineralocorticoids) Impaired kidney function due to tubular injury or other diseases
Mineralcorticoid excess due to a disease state such as Conn's syndrome usually does not lead to hypernatremia unless free water intake is restricted. Salt poisoning is the most common cause in children. [16] [17] It has also been seen in a number of adults with mental health problems. [11] Too much salt can also occur from drinking seawater or ...
Gastrointestinal bleeding can range from small non-visible amounts, which are only detected by laboratory testing, to massive bleeding where bright red blood is passed and shock develops. Rapid bleeding may cause syncope. [18] The presence of bright red blood in stool, known as hematochezia, typically indicates lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
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