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Few compounds of californium have been made and studied. [1] The only californium ion that is stable in aqueous solutions is the californium(III) cation. [2] The other two oxidation states are IV (strong oxidizing agents) and II (strong reducing agents). [3]
Californium is a silvery-white actinide metal [12] with a melting point of 900 ± 30 °C (1,650 ± 50 °F) and an estimated boiling point of 1,743 K (1,470 °C; 2,680 °F). [13] The pure metal is malleable and is easily cut with a knife. Californium metal starts to vaporize above 300 °C (570 °F) when exposed to a vacuum. [14]
Californium(III) oxide forms a yellow-green solid with a melting point of 1750 °C and exists in three modifications. [2] The body-centered cubic modification forms a crystal lattice with a = 1083.9 ± 0.4 pm. The transition temperature between body-centered cubic and monoclinic structures is about 1400 °C. [3] [4] It is insoluble in water. [5]
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Californium(IV) oxide is a black-brown solid that has a cubic fluorite crystal structure with a lattice parameter, the distance between unit cells in the crystal, of 531.0 ± 0.2 pm. Crystals of californium(III) oxide normally have a body-centered cubic symmetry. They convert to a monoclinic form upon heating to about 1400 °C and melt at 1750 °C.
This occurs because of the much greater lattice energy afforded by the more highly charged Ca 2+ cation compared to the hypothetical Ca + cation. [10] Calcium, strontium, barium, and radium are always considered to be alkaline earth metals; the lighter beryllium and magnesium, also in group 2 of the periodic table, are often included as well.
Californium oxychloride (Cf OCl) is a radioactive salt first discovered in measurable quantities in 1960. It is composed of a single californium cation and oxychloride consisting of one chloride and one oxide anion. It was the first californium compound ever isolated. [1]
Californium(III) nitrate is an inorganic compound of californium and iodine with the formula Cf(NO 3) 3. [1] It can be used as a precursor to other californium ...