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JP-4 froze at −76 °F (−60 °C), and its maximum burning temperature was 6,670 °F (3,688 °C). [citation needed] JP-4 was a non-conductive liquid, prone to build up static electricity when being moved through pipes and tanks. As it is volatile and has a low flash point, the static discharge could cause a fire. Beginning in the mid-1980s an ...
JP-8 is a jet fuel, specified and used widely by the U.S. military. It is specified by MIL-DTL-83133 and British Defence Standard 91-87. JP-8 is a kerosene-based fuel, projected to remain in use at least until 2025. The United States military uses JP-8 as a "universal fuel" in both turbine-powered aircraft and diesel-powered ground vehicles.
Bombardier bases performance on the use of fuel with an average lower heating value of 18,550 BTU/lb (43.147 MJ/kg) and a density of 0.809 kg/L (6.75 lb/US gal). [ 18 ] Embraer : In its airport planning manual for the E195, Embraer uses an adopted fuel density of 0.811 kg/L (6.77 lb/US gal).
The Pratt & Whitney J58 (JT11D-20) turbojet aero engine, which had a specific fuel requirement; namely JP-7 turbine fuel.. Turbine Fuel Low Volatility JP-7, commonly known as JP-7 (referred to as Jet Propellant 7 prior to MIL-DTL-38219 [1]) is a specialized type of jet fuel developed at Pratt and Whitney by master chemist Clarence Brown CB Eichman in 1955 for the Central Intelligence Agency ...
JP-8, or JP8 (for "Jet Propellant 8"), is a jet fuel, specified and used widely by the US military. It is specified by MIL-DTL-83133 and British Defence Standard 91-87, and similar to commercial aviation's Jet A-1 , but with the addition of corrosion inhibitor and anti-icing additives.
JP-10 absorbs heat energy, so is endothermic with a relatively high density of 940 kg/m 3. It has a low freezing point of less than −110 °C (−166 °F) and the flash point is 130 °F (54 °C). The high energy density of 39.6 MJ/L makes it ideal for military aerospace applications - its primary use.
NAA and General Electric responded by redesigning the engine to run on a new higher-density form of jet fuel, JP-6, and filling one of the two bomb bays with a new fuel tank. In doing so the range was dramatically reduced from about 7,700 to 5,500 nautical miles (14,300 to 10,200 km). [4]
Kerosene-type fuels include Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5 and JP-8. Naphtha-type jet fuels, sometimes referred to as "wide-cut" jet fuel, include Jet B and JP-4. "Drop-in" biofuels are biofuels that are interchangeable with conventional fuels. Deriving "drop-in" jet fuel from bio-based sources is ASTM approved via two routes. ASTM has found it safe to ...