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  2. Machine learning in physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning_in_physics

    Applying machine learning (ML) (including deep learning) methods to the study of quantum systems is an emergent area of physics research.A basic example of this is quantum state tomography, where a quantum state is learned from measurement. [1]

  3. Scientific modelling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_modelling

    Scientific modelling is an activity that produces models representing empirical objects, phenomena, and physical processes, to make a particular part or feature of the world easier to understand, define, quantify, visualize, or simulate.

  4. Neural network (machine learning) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network_(machine...

    Neural networks are typically trained through empirical risk minimization.This method is based on the idea of optimizing the network's parameters to minimize the difference, or empirical risk, between the predicted output and the actual target values in a given dataset. [4]

  5. Computational chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_chemistry

    Computational chemistry can help predict values like activation energy from catalysis. The presence of the catalyst opens a different reaction pathway (shown in red) with lower activation energy. The final result and the overall thermodynamics are the same. Computational chemistry is a tool for analyzing catalytic systems without doing experiments.

  6. Natural-language programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-language_programming

    Definition of an ontology – taxonomy – of concepts needed to describe tasks in the topic addressed. Each concept and all their attributes are defined in natural-language words. This ontology will define the data structures the NLP can use in sentences. Definition of one or more top-level sentences in terms of concepts from the ontology.

  7. Physical chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry

    Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibria.

  8. Machine learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning

    Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions. [1]

  9. Non-linear effects - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_effects

    In general, interpreting the correction parameter values of g to predict positive and negative non-linear effects is considerably more difficult. In the case where the heterochiral complexes ML R L R L S and ML S L S L R are less reactive than the homochiral complexes ML S L S L S and ML R L R L R, a kinetic behavior similar to the ML 2 model is