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The Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) is an independent tribunal which adjudicates labour disputes in South Africa. It was established in November 1996 in terms of Section 112 of the Labour Relations Act, 1995 , which in turn implements the labour rights provided for in section 23 of the Constitution of South Africa .
Methods of dispute resolution include: lawsuits (litigation) (legislative) [5]; arbitration; collaborative law; mediation; conciliation; negotiation; facilitation; avoidance; One could theoretically include violence or even war as part of this spectrum, but dispute resolution practitioners do not usually do so; violence rarely ends disputes effectively, and indeed, often only escalates them.
Kylie v CCMA; Court: Labour Appeal Court of South Africa: Full case name: Kylie v Commission for Conciliation Mediation and Arbitration and Others : Decided: 26 May 2010: Docket nos. CA 10/08: Citations [2010] ZALAC 8; 2010 (4) SA 383 (LAC); 2010 (10) BCLR 1029 (LAC); (2010) 31 ILJ 1600 (LAC); [2010] 7 BLLR 705 (LAC) Case history; Prior actions
Arbitration, in the context of the law of the United States, is a form of alternative dispute resolution.Specifically, arbitration is an alternative to litigation through which the parties to a dispute agree to submit their respective evidence and legal arguments to a third party (i.e., the arbitrator) for resolution.
Chapter 3: Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration; Chapter 4: Arbitration of Disputes Involving Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment; The Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration was adopted on 30 January 1975 and entered into force for the United States on 27 October 1990. [1]
The American Arbitration Association (AAA) is a non-profit organization focused in the field of alternative dispute resolution, providing services to individuals and organizations who wish to resolve conflicts out of court, and one of several arbitration organizations that administers arbitration proceedings.
International arbitration is an alternative to local court procedures. International arbitration has different rules than domestic arbitration, [6] and has its own non-country-specific standards of ethical conduct. [7] The process may be more limited than typical litigation and forms a hybrid between the common law and civil law legal systems. [8]
Disputes between consumers and businesses that are arbitrated are resolved by an independent neutral arbitrator rather than in court. Although parties can agree to arbitrate a particular dispute after it arises or may agree that the award is non-binding, most consumer arbitrations occur pursuant to a pre-dispute arbitration clause where the arbitrator's award is binding.