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VFR requires a pilot to be able to see outside the cockpit to control the aircraft's altitude, navigate, and avoid obstacles and other aircraft. [3] Governing agencies establish specific requirements for VFR flight, including minimum visibility, and distance from clouds, to ensure that aircraft operating under VFR are visible from enough distance to ensure safety.
VFR / VMC visibility requirements in the US. In aviation, visual meteorological conditions (VMC) is an aviation flight category in which visual flight rules (VFR) flight is permitted—that is, conditions in which pilots have sufficient visibility to fly the aircraft maintaining visual separation from terrain and other aircraft.
However, typical daytime VFR minimums for most airspace is 3 statute miles of flight visibility and a distance from clouds of 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, and 2,000 feet horizontally. [4] Flight conditions reported as equal to or greater than these VFR minimums are referred to as visual meteorological conditions (VMC).
It usually happens when the aircraft is inside controlled airspace, and the local weather is less than the minimums required for flight under visual flight rules (VFR) within the airspace in question. [5] Note that an aircraft might be able to fly under SVFR even in Class A airspace, where instrument flight rules (IFR) flight is the norm. [6]
In Germany VFR OTT (Flüge nach Sichtflugregeln über Wolkendecken) is allowed and regulated in §32 LuftVO. [6] The requirements are: minimum height of 1,000 ft (305 m) above ground or water, minimum weather requirements for airspace E met; pilot is capable of keeping the planned course
Conditions that are above VMC minima but relatively close to one or more of them are sometimes referred to as marginal VMC, and flight in such conditions is referred to as marginal VFR. [2] Summary of United States VMC minima (14 CFR 91.155), providing requirements for minimum visibility and separation from clouds for different airspace classes.
While flying VFR-on-top, pilots are required to stay in an appropriate VFR altitude, maintain the required VFR visibility and cloud clearance requirement, while comply with other IFR requirements (minimum IFR altitudes, position reporting, radio communications, course to be flown, adherence to ATC clearance, etc). [2] [3]
In the United States in particular, the Federal Aviation Administration calls this concept the minimum safe altitude (MSA), and is defined within the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR): Anywhere : an altitude allowing a safe emergency landing without undue hazard to person or property on the ground;