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Byzantine Iconoclasm, Chludov Psalter, 9th century. [10]Christian worship by the sixth century had developed a clear belief in the intercession of saints. This belief was also influenced by a concept of hierarchy of sanctity, with the Trinity at its pinnacle, followed by the Virgin Mary, referred to in Greek as the Theotokos ("birth-giver of God") or Meter Theou ("Mother of God"), the saints ...
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195046528. Humphreys, Mike (2021). A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 99. Brill Publishers. ISBN 9789004462007. Mango, Cyril (1975). Liquidation of Iconoclasm and Patriarch Photios. Routledge. Talbot, Alice-Mary (1998).
It is a unique monument of Byzantine art at the time of the Iconoclasm, one of only three illuminated Byzantine Psalters to survive from the 9th century. According to one tradition, the miniatures are supposed to have been created clandestinely, and many of them are directed against Iconoclasts.
Brubaker began as an expert in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts, writing a pathbreaking book on one manuscript, Paris Grec. 510, in her Vision and Meaning. [11] Her interests have extended since to the cultural history of Iconoclasm and the development of the cult of icons, on which she wrote two now-basic books on the subject with John Haldon. [12]
The usage of gold leaf in Byzantine artwork is indicative that the work is meant to be divine and spiritual. [14] The icon was created by incorporating egg tempera on gold leaf over a wooden panel. [4] The wood panel then is covered with gesso and linen. [4] [5] The icon has a height of 37.8 cm, a width of 31.4 cm and a depth of 5.3 cm. [4]
The council and its Christological arguments were later refuted as heretical by Nicaea II, [20] and also by the Council of Constantinople (843) which reasserted the significance of icons in the Church. During the second period of Byzantine iconoclasm, Emperor Leo V the Armenian overtured Nicaea II and reinstated Hieria. However, rather than ...
Late 14th to early 15th century icon (National Icon Collection 18, British Museum). The Feast of Orthodoxy (or Sunday of Orthodoxy or Triumph of Orthodoxy ) is celebrated on the first Sunday of Great Lent in the Eastern Orthodox Church and other churches using the Byzantine Rite to commemorate, originally, only the final defeat of iconoclasm ...
Later, the period of Byzantine iconoclasm saw an imperial policy that destroyed and banned icons within the period between 726 and 843, standardising and restricting later depictions of icons. [29] Iconoclasm was a result of the fear of worship of the image, rather than the apostles or holy figure. Instead, the cross only was promoted as a form ...