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In computer programming, duplicate code is a sequence of source code that occurs more than once, either within a program or across different programs owned or maintained by the same entity. Duplicate code is generally considered undesirable for a number of reasons. [ 1 ]
In multilevel modeling, an overall change function (e.g. linear, quadratic, cubic etc.) is fitted to the whole sample and, just as in multilevel modeling for clustered data, the slope and intercept may be allowed to vary. For example, in a study looking at income growth with age, individuals might be assumed to show linear improvement over time.
A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is an error-detecting code commonly used in digital networks and storage devices to detect accidental changes to digital data. [1] [2] Blocks of data entering these systems get a short check value attached, based on the remainder of a polynomial division of their contents. On retrieval, the calculation is ...
The advantage of in-line deduplication over post-process deduplication is that it requires less storage and network traffic, since duplicate data is never stored or transferred. On the negative side, hash calculations may be computationally expensive, thereby reducing the storage throughput.
SAS provides a graphical point-and-click user interface for non-technical users and more through the SAS language. [3] SAS programs have DATA steps, which retrieve and manipulate data, PROC (procedures) which analyze the data, and may also have functions. [4] Each step consists of a series of statements. [5]
For example, assume the function values are 32-bit integers, so + and +. Then Gosper's algorithm will find the cycle after less than μ + 2 λ {\displaystyle \mu +2\lambda } function evaluations (in fact, the most possible is 3 ⋅ 2 31 − 1 {\displaystyle 3\cdot 2^{31}-1} ), while consuming the space of 33 values (each value being a 32-bit ...
Note the distinction between reliability and availability: reliability measures the ability of a system to function correctly, including avoiding data corruption, whereas availability measures how often the system is available for use, even though it may not be functioning correctly.
SAS No. 51, Reporting on Financial Statements Prepared for Use in Other Countries; SAS No. 59, The Auditor's Consideration of an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, as amended; SAS No. 65, The Auditor's Consideration of the Internal Audit Function in an Audit of Financial Statements;