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One can distinguish several categories, some of which may be combined: Sperm donation. A donor provides sperm in order to father a child for a third-party female. Egg donation. A donor provides ova to a woman or couple in order for the egg to be fertilized and implanted in the recipient woman. Spindle transfer.
Egg donation is the process by which a woman donates eggs to enable another woman to conceive as part of an assisted reproduction treatment or for biomedical research. For assisted reproduction purposes, egg donation typically involves in vitro fertilization technology, with the eggs being fertilized in the laboratory; more rarely, unfertilized eggs may be frozen and stored for later use.
The law also caps the number of families that can use a single donor and requires sperm and egg agencies to make a “good faith effort” keep permanent, up-to-date medical records on donors.
The sperm for insemination may be provided either by a sexual partner of the female's choice or by a sperm donor. [14] Donor sperm is most commonly used by lesbian couples and single women, [ 15 ] and by heterosexual couples when the male partner is suffering from male infertility . [ 16 ]
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The sperm donor is considered the father for purposes of determining the child's tribal status and for issues of ritual consanguinity, therefore, the use of anonymous donors is strongly discouraged. When it comes to adultery, there is the possibility that a man could have made multiple sperm donations.
The Assisted Human Reproduction Act banned compensation for sperm donors and imposed a bureaucratic system described as "cumbersome" on donors, after which time more than 90% of donor sperm used in Canada comes from the U.S. [29] [30] The federal government does not track the number of births by sperm or egg donation, and there is no registry. [31]