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One can distinguish several categories, some of which may be combined: Sperm donation. A donor provides sperm in order to father a child for a third-party female. Egg donation. A donor provides ova to a woman or couple in order for the egg to be fertilized and implanted in the recipient woman. Spindle transfer.
Egg donation is the process by which a woman donates eggs to enable another woman to conceive as part of an assisted reproduction treatment or for biomedical research. For assisted reproduction purposes, egg donation typically involves in vitro fertilization technology, with the eggs being fertilized in the laboratory; more rarely, unfertilized eggs may be frozen and stored for later use.
The sperm for insemination may be provided either by a sexual partner of the female's choice or by a sperm donor. [14] Donor sperm is most commonly used by lesbian couples and single women, [ 15 ] and by heterosexual couples when the male partner is suffering from male infertility . [ 16 ]
The law also caps the number of families that can use a single donor and requires sperm and egg agencies to make a “good faith effort” keep permanent, up-to-date medical records on donors.
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Others, however, do not see this as an issue because both members of the couple consent to the use of third party sperm donation. [23] Egg donation/Surrogacy: Surrogacy and egg donation are permissible and the birth mother, rather than the genetic mother, is considered the mother of the child, therefore conversion may be necessary if a non ...
Donor sperm may be used in surrogacy arrangements either by artificially inseminating the surrogate (known as traditional surrogacy) or by implanting in a surrogate embryos which have been created by using donor sperm together with eggs from a donor or from the 'commissioning female' (known as gestational surrogacy). [9]
There have been numerous cases of a healthcare provider fraudulently substituting their own sperm for donor sperm, resulting in pregnancy and birth. [4] Quincy Fortier, a fertility specialist in Las Vegas, Nevada, in the early 1960s, impregnated female patients with his own sperm leading to 26 children during his 40-year practice.