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Nickel-based superalloys are used in load-bearing structures requiring the highest homologous temperature of any common alloy system (Tm = 0.9, or 90% of their melting point). Among the most demanding applications for a structural material are those in the hot sections of turbine engines (e.g. turbine blade). They comprise over 50% of the ...
Inconel 718 is commonly used for cryogenic storage tanks, downhole shafts, wellhead parts, [44] and in the aerospace industry -- where it has become a prime candidate material for constructing heat resistant turbines.
Waspaloy is an age-hardenable, nickel-based superalloy with excellent strength properties through temperatures of roughly 980°C (1800°F). Other characteristics of Waspaloy include good corrosion resistance, as well as being relatively impervious to oxidation making it well suited for service in extreme environments.
For example, alloy 020 is designed to be resistant to sulfuric acid, and the DS Incoloy is to be used in heat-treating furnaces with reactive atmospheres and many heat cycles. Incoloy 020 "exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in chemical environments that contain sulfuric acid, chlorides, phosphoric acid and nitric acid."
These superalloys were used, for example, in advanced air frame systems for the Gemini program. Another niobium alloy [ clarification needed ] was used for the nozzle of the Apollo Service Module . Because niobium is oxidized at temperatures above 400 °C, a protective coating is necessary for these applications to prevent the alloy from ...
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Working at Inco-Mond's Wiggin facility at Birmingham in the United Kingdom, Leonard Bessemer Pfeil is credited with the development of Nimonic alloy 80 in 1941, and used in the Power Jets W.2B. Four years later, Nimonic alloy 80A followed, an alloy widely used in engine valves today. Progressively stronger alloys were subsequently developed ...
The γ″ phase, however, is unstable above 650 °C (1,202 °F), so γ″ is less commonly used as a strengthening phase in high temperature applications. Carbides are also used in polycrystalline superalloys to inhibit grain boundary sliding. [49] Many other elements can be added to superalloys to tailor their properties.