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The Battle of Hattin took place on 4 July 1187, between the Crusader states of the Levant and the forces of the Ayyubid sultan Saladin. It is also known as the Battle of the Horns of Hattin , due to the shape of the nearby extinct volcano of that name .
However, the Ayyubids attempted to convince the Crusaders of their situation and their defeat at Hattin. [1] At Hattin, the Ayyubids captured Humphrey IV of Toron. His mother, Stephanie of Milly, and wife were in Jerusalem when the city surrendered in October. Saladin allowed Humphrey to reunite with his mother and wife.
The Horns of Hattin, c. 1925. The Horns of Hattin ( Hebrew: קרני חיטין, romanized: Karnei Hittin Arabic: قرون حطين, romanized: Qurûn Hattîn) is an extinct volcano with twin peaks overlooking the plains of Hattin in the Lower Galilee, Israel. It is most famous as the site of the Battle of Hattin (1187).
As the battle progressed, the Crusaders faced severe challenges. Their infantry, suffering from dehydration, broke formation and tried to retreat towards the Horns of Hattin. Without their infantry, the Crusader cavalry engaged directly with the Muslims, attempting two attacks to break out of the encirclement.
The Kingdom of Jerusalem, weakened by internal disputes, was defeated at the Battle of Hattin on 4 July 1187. Most of the nobility were taken prisoner, including King Guy. Thousands of Muslim slaves were freed. [2] [3] [4] By mid-September, Saladin had taken Acre, Nablus, Jaffa, Toron, Sidon, Beirut, and Ascalon.
Horns of Hattin. Hittin was located on the northern slopes of the double hill known as the "Horns of Hattin."It was strategically and commercially significant due to its location overlooking the Plain of Hittin, which opens onto the coastal lowlands of the Lake Tiberias (the Sea of Galilee) to the east, and to the west is linked by mountain passes leading towards the plains of lower Galilee.
Baldwin IV died in 1185, followed shortly by Baldwin V in 1186, leading to the succession of Sibylla and Guy to the throne. Guy's reign was marked by increased hostilities with the Ayyubids ruled by Saladin, culminating in the Battle of Hattin in July 1187—during which Guy was captured—and the fall of Jerusalem itself three months later. [1]
July 4 – Battle of Hattin: Saladin defeats the Crusader army (some 20,000 men) under Guy of Lusignan at the Horns of Hattin. Guy is captured along with many nobles and knights, among them, Raynald of Châtillon. The latter is executed by Saladin himself. [9]